企(qi)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)創新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)主體,不同(tong)類型的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在創新(xin)(xin)中發揮不同(tong)的(de)(de)職能。《中共中央關于(yu)制定國民經濟和(he)社會(hui)發展第十四個五(wu)年規劃和(he)二〇三五(wu)年遠景(jing)目標的(de)(de)建議》提出(chu),發揮大企(qi)業(ye)(ye)引領支撐作用,支持(chi)創新(xin)(xin)型中小微企(qi)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)長為創新(xin)(xin)重要(yao)發源地,加強共性(xing)技術平臺建設(she),推動產業(ye)(ye)鏈上(shang)中下(xia)游、大中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)融通(tong)創新(xin)(xin)。這進一步明確了不同(tong)規模企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在創新(xin)(xin)中的(de)(de)定位,指(zhi)出(chu)了大中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)創新(xin)(xin)發展的(de)(de)方(fang)向。
中(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)促進經濟發展、保(bao)障勞動力就業(ye)、滿足生產(chan)生活(huo)需(xu)求(qiu)等方面發揮著重要(yao)作用。第四次(ci)全(quan)國經濟普查結果顯示(shi),2018年末,我國共有中(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)業(ye)法人(ren)(ren)(ren)單位1807萬(wan)家,占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部規(gui)模企(qi)業(ye)法人(ren)(ren)(ren)單位的(de)(de)99.8%;吸納就業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)23300.4萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)就業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)比重為79.4%;擁有資產(chan)總計(ji)402.6萬(wan)億(yi)元,占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)77.1%;全(quan)年營業(ye)收入達到188.2萬(wan)億(yi)元,占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)68.2%。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方面獨具(ju)特色。首先,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)內在動力(li)強。由于(yu)缺乏市(shi)場優勢,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)往(wang)往(wang)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)壓力(li)更(geng)(geng)加突(tu)出,在短(duan)期經濟條件下,大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)緩解了(le)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)壓力(li),而(er)(er)隨著(zhu)產品(pin)供給的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)剩,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)通常(chang)處(chu)于(yu)充分競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)或過(guo)度競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場環境之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),更(geng)(geng)趨向于(yu)尋求(qiu)(qiu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化和(he)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會。其(qi)次,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)市(shi)場需求(qiu)(qiu)更(geng)(geng)為敏感。一般而(er)(er)言(yan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)直接(jie)服務市(shi)場需求(qiu)(qiu),能夠(gou)更(geng)(geng)加準確把握需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點和(he)變化,不僅能較快地(di)發(fa)現創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)會,而(er)(er)且對(dui)于(yu)科技(ji)成果的(de)(de)(de)(de)現實應(ying)用有(you)更(geng)(geng)加深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識。從技(ji)術演進的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)程來(lai)看(kan),許多(duo)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)最初均來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)最先捕捉到創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)遇。此外,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具(ju)有(you)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)特征(zheng)。多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)是(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)源泉,也是(shi)良(liang)好創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本特征(zheng),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在滿(man)足人們(men)多(duo)樣化需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,更(geng)(geng)易(yi)激發(fa)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)活力(li)。
隨著創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)不(bu)斷推(tui)進,涌現出一批創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業。根據(ju)第四次全國(guo)經濟普查(cha),2018年末,科(ke)學研究和技術(shu)(shu)服務領域中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業達到114.1萬(wan)家,比2013年末增加81.5萬(wan)家,累(lei)計增長2.5倍(bei);信(xin)息傳(chuan)輸、軟件(jian)和信(xin)息技術(shu)(shu)服務領域中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業91萬(wan)家,比2013年末增加69.3萬(wan)家,增長3.19倍(bei)。創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業的(de)(de)發展對(dui)于釋放(fang)全社會創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)潛力,促進新(xin)(xin)(xin)舊動能轉換(huan)發揮(hui)了(le)(le)積(ji)極(ji)作用(yong)。中(zhong)國(guo)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業企(qi)業成長指(zhi)數調查(cha)先后分三期對(dui)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業企(qi)業進行了(le)(le)調查(cha),樣(yang)本以高新(xin)(xin)(xin)技術(shu)(shu)和戰略性新(xin)(xin)(xin)興產業領域的(de)(de)中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業為(wei)主體,區域分布涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)東(dong)中(zhong)西部(bu)地區代表(biao)性創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)城市,基本代表(biao)了(le)(le)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業發展狀(zhuang)況。2019年開(kai)展的(de)(de)調查(cha)顯示,無論是專利、技術(shu)(shu)等創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)直接產出,還(huan)是科(ke)技成果應用(yong)轉化,創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型中(zhong)小微(wei)(wei)企(qi)業與(yu)“創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)重(zhong)要發源(yuan)地”的(de)(de)目(mu)標還(huan)存在(zai)較大差距(ju)。這一方面與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)周期有關,另一方面也(ye)在(zai)一定程度上(shang)反(fan)映了(le)(le)企(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能力還(huan)需要進一步提升(sheng)。
中小(xiao)微企業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)不足主要受部分客觀條件限制(zhi)。由于(yu)企業(ye)規模較小(xiao),盈利能(neng)力(li)整體(ti)較弱(ruo),中小(xiao)微企業(ye)大都缺少創新(xin)(xin)(xin)資源,創新(xin)(xin)(xin)經費投入不足,高端(duan)人才(cai)(cai)普遍短缺。調查顯示,資金和人才(cai)(cai)是(shi)制(zhi)約企業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)的最主要因素(su)(su)。創新(xin)(xin)(xin)具有一定的風(feng)(feng)險性,抗風(feng)(feng)險能(neng)力(li)弱(ruo)也是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)中小(xiao)微企業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)的重要因素(su)(su)。
鼓勵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展是(shi)我國創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要著力點。近年來(lai),我國出臺(tai)了一(yi)系(xi)列政(zheng)策(ce),從(cong)創(chuang)(chuang)業孵化、財稅政(zheng)策(ce)、金(jin)融政(zheng)策(ce)、創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)服務、資源聚集、國際合(he)作等多個方面給予中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展相應的(de)(de)(de)支持(chi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)環(huan)境得到明顯改善。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展是(shi)一(yi)項系(xi)統工(gong)程,企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業決策(ce)者和管理者在(zai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)揮了決定性作用,在(zai)加強創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)政(zheng)策(ce)支持(chi)的(de)(de)(de)同時,營造良好的(de)(de)(de)社會創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)氛圍,著力培育具(ju)有創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)精神、市(shi)場(chang)意(yi)識、專業知識的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)業者和企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業家隊伍,對于推(tui)動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展具(ju)有重(zhong)要意(yi)義。此外,公(gong)平競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)環(huan)境也是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要條件。